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Genetic Status
Inbred
Segregating
Congenic
Consomic
Recombinant
Coisogenic
Spont. Mutant
Transgene
Ind. Mutant
Category Other
Comercial Availability
Research Category
Diabetes Obesity
Neurobiology
Ophthalmology
Dentistry
Cardio Hypertension
Cancer
Metabolism
Otorhinology
Immunology
Infectious
Osteosis
Internal Organ
Dermatology
Reproduction
Development
Behavior
Hematology
Urology
Pharmacology
Research Area Others
Control Strain
Marker Strain
Gene Affected
Atrn: attractin, Aspa: aspartoacylase
Origin
Spontaneously Epileptic Rat (SER) was established as a double mutant by Serikawa by crossing tremor rats (later established as an inbred rat strain, TRM/Kyo, NBRP No.0015) and zitter rats (later established as an inbred rat strain, ZI/Kyo, NBRP No.0024) at Kyoto University (Serikawa, 1986). Their phenotype is caused by double mutations of tremor (tm) and zitter (zi) This strain is maintained by sib-mating of crossing the zi homozygous and the tm heterozygous. By positional cloning, an 8-bp deletion of attractin gene (Atrn) was identified as zi mutation (Kuramoto, 2001) and about 200-kb deletion including aspartoacylase gene (Aspa) was identified as tm mutation (Kitada, 2000). (09.10.20)
Strain characteristics
SER shows both absence-like seizure sand tonic convulsions (Serikawa, 1986; Sasa, 1988). Body tremors are observed between 2 and 11 weeks of age (Serikawa, 1991). Absence-like seizures characterized 5-7 Hz spike -wave-like complex are observed after 5 weeks of age and tonic seizures are observed after 6 weeks of age. Wild jumping or running episodes appear from 8-14 weeks of age (Asano, 1991). Pharmacologically, both absence-like and tonic seizures of SER are similar to those of human (Sasa, 1988). SER shows hypomyelination, vacuolation or spongiform degeneration (Inui, 1990; Kondo, 1991), sterile, waved hair, curled whiskers (Serikawa, 1986), auditory deficit (Kuse, 1991) and delayed postnatal behavioral development (Asano, 1990).
Other reports using this strain are as follow: calcium channel (Sasa, 1992; Ishihara, 1993; Momiyama, 1995; Amano H, 2001; Amano T, 2001; Yan, 200), sodium channel (Guo, 2008) and neuropeptides (Takahashi, 2000). (09.10.20)
Breeding Conditions
Maintained in homozygous zi allele and heterozygous tm allele.
Genotyping
8 bp deletion of Atrn gene for zi allele, genomic deletion of Aspa gene for tm allele.
References
Serikawa T and Yamada J.
Epileptic seizures in rats homozygous for two mutations, zitter and tremor.
J Hered. 1986 Nov-Dec;77(6):441-4.
Kitada K, Akimitsu T, Shigematsu Y, Kondo A, Maihara T, Yokoi N, Kuramoto T, Sasa M and Serikawa, T.
Accumulation of N-acetyl-L-aspartate in the brain of the tremor rat, a mutant exhibiting absence-like seizure and spongiform degeneration in the central nervous system.
J Neurochem. 2000 Jun;74(6):2512-9.
Kuramoto T, Kitada K, Inui T, Sasaki Y, Ito K, Hase T, Kawaguchi S, Ogawa Y, Nakao K, Barsh GS, Nagao M, Ushijima T and Serikawa T.
Attractin/Mahogany/Zitter plays a critical role in myelination of the central nervous system.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Jan 16;98(2):559-64.
Sasa M, Ohno Y, Ujihara H, Fujita Y, Yoshimura M, Takaori S, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
Effects of antiepileptic drugs on absence-like and tonic seizures in the spontaneously epileptic rat, a double mutant rat.
Epilepsia. 1988 Sep-Oct;29(5):505-13.
Serikawa T, Yamada J, Ujihara H, Ohno Y, Sasa M, Takaori S.
Ontogeny of absence-like and tonic seizures in the spontaneously epileptic rat.
Lab Anim. 1991 Jul;25(3):216-21.
Asano Y, Okaniwa A, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
Behavioural characteristics of wild jumping or running episodes in the double mutant spontaneously epileptic rat.
Lab Anim. 1990 Apr;24(2):131-6.
Inui T, Yamamura T, Yuasa H, Kawai Y, Okaniwa A, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
The spontaneously epileptic rat (SER), a zitter*tremor double mutant rat: histopathological findings in the central nervous system.
Brain Res. 1990 May 28;517(1-2):123-33.
Kondo A, Nagara H, Akazawa K, Tateishi J, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
CNS pathology in the neurological mutant rats zitter, tremor and zitter-tremor double mutant (spontaneously epileptic rat, SER). Exaggeration of clinical and neuropathological phenotypes in SER.
Brain. 1991 Apr;114 ( Pt 2):979-99.
Kuse H, Inui T, Asano Y, Hori M, Okaniwa A, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) in spontaneously epileptic rats (SER) and their parent mutants.
J Vet Med Sci. 1991 Aug;53(4):629-36.
Sasa M, Ishihara K, Momiyama T, Renming X, Todo N, Amano T, Serikawa T, Yamada J.
Abnormal calcium current in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells of the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER).
Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992 Jun;46(2):526-8.
Ishihara K, Sasa M, Momiyama T, Ujihara H, Nakamura J, Serikawa T, Yamada J, Takaori S.
Abnormal excitability of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons of spontaneously epileptic rats (SER), a double mutant.
Exp Neurol. 1993 Feb;119(2):287-90.
Momiyama T, Ishihara K, Serikawa T, Moritake K, Sasa M.
Effect of nicardipine on abnormal excitability of CA3 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices of spontaneously epileptic rats.
Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Jul 4;280(2):119-23.
Amano H, Amano T, Matsubayashi H, Ishihara K, Serikawa T, Sasa M.
Enhanced calcium influx in hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rats.
Epilepsia. 2001 Mar;42(3):345-50.
Amano T, Amano H, Matsubayashi H, Ishihara K, Serikawa T, Sasa M.
Enhanced Ca(2+) influx with mossy fiber stimulation in hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rats.
Brain Res. 2001 Aug 10;910(1-2):199-203.
Yan HD, Ishihara K, Hanaya R, Kurisu K, Serikawa T, Sasa M.
Voltage-dependent calcium channel abnormalities in hippocampal CA3 neurons of spontaneously epileptic rats.
Epilepsia. 2007 Apr;48(4):758-64.
Guo F, Yu N, Cai JQ, Quinn T, Zong ZH, Zeng YJ, Hao LY.
Voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1, Nav1.3 and beta1 subunit were up-regulated in the hippocampus of spontaneously epileptic rat.
Brain Res Bull. 2008 Jan 31;75(1):179-87.
Takahashi Y, Tsunashima K, Sadamatsu M, Schwarzer C, Amano S, Ihara N, Sasa M, Kato N, Sperk G.
Altered hippocampal expression of neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, and glutamate decarboxylase in Ihara's epileptic rats and spontaneously epileptic rats.
Neurosci Lett. 2000 Jun 23;287(2):105-8.
Embryo 
.JPG)
Congenic